Stoytcheva, M., Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M., and Valdez, B. Metagenomic approaches associated with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques will help to unravel the diversity of natural communities and in biogas fermenters communities (e.g., Schlter et al., 2008). 46, 6091. (1996). Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. Process Biochem. Production of selenium nanoparticles in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. (2016). biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transl. doi: 10.1002/bbb.1663, Luengo, J. M., Garcia, B., Sandoval, A., Naharro, G., and Oliveira, E. R. (2003). Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Pathol. These chemicals have. Another problem to be overcome for the effective production of second-generation ethanol is the tolerance to acetic acid. Med. PGPMs, plant growth-promoting microorganisms. Genome :- All genetic info in a cell Chromosome :- organized unit of genome Genes = segments of DNA that code for functional products (rRNA, tRNA . Rev. Adv. 20, 11011104. Nat. Production, purification, characterization, and applications of lipases. Technol. Adv. doi: 10.1038/nrd4363, Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., and Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Genetic engineering has also been important in the production of other therapeutic proteins, such as insulin, interferons, and human growth hormone, to treat a variety of human medical conditions. A problem commonly encountered in developing countries is the difficulty of implementing public policies to control the spread of parasitic vectors such as those of the genera Aedes and Anopheles. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2009.02.017, Valamoti, S. M., Mangafa, M., Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, C. H., and Malamidou, D. (2007). This alternative has been successfully applied in several regions of the world (e.g., Mohiddin et al., 2016; Setha et al., 2016), and many Bti-based commercial products have been introduced to the market, although some strains of A. aegypti have already shown resistance to Bt toxins (Paris et al., 2011, 2012; Wu et al., 2016). New molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being . This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Adejuwon, A. O., Oluduro, A. O., Agboola, F. K., Olutiola, P. O., Burkhardt, B. The first commercially registered mycoherbicide consisted of a suspension of chlamydospores of Phytophthora palmivora to control Morrenia odorata (McRae, 1988), and since then, many other plant parasite and phytotoxin-producing microbial species have been identified. The focus on microorganisms as an alternative in the production of biosensors is mainly due to the ability to produce them massively through cell culture (Su et al., 2011). By Tricia Lobo. 14, 137. 28, 8399. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2637, DSouza, S. F. (2001). Appl. Bioplastics also have the potential to lead to the rise, within civil construction, of materials that have low incorporated energy, contributing to energy efficiency (Ivanov and Stabnikov, 2016). Nucleic Acid Res. Bioresour. Ann. 370, 11981208. Sarwar, M. (2015b). It is also used as leather, textile and paper. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00065-7, Hay, I. D., Rehman, Z. U., Moradali, M. F., Wang, Y., and Rehm, B. H. A. Because of simplicity in physiology microbes have been exploited for. Hofrichter, M., Vares, K., Scheibner, K., Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Hatakka, A. Nat. (2013). Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. MICROBIAL GENETICS (BIO-375/575 . 32, 213234. We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). Shock Waves 26, 2537. (2014). These devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering (Svensson et al., 2005). Water Res. 133, 458460. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). doi: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2010). Biotechnol. 2, 4254. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. 93, 125130. SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). Ethanol Gluconobacter biosensor designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation off-line monitoring. Microbial Genetics. Biocontrol. Such benefits are the product of the positive and multifunctional roles of mycorrhizal fungi in plant nutrition, pathogen protection, stress tolerance, and soil structure supply (Smith and Read, 2008). 128, 196202. Front. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). Biotechnol. 8, 9931002. The advantage of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of dead organisms cannot be reversed. Afr. 83, 277281. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd Edn. Synthetic dyes and colourants have been the mainstay of the pigment industry for decades. D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. J. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153447, Oliveira, R. S., Rocha, I., Ma, Y., Vostka, M., and Freitas, H. (2016b). Annu. Genes for many of the important food industry enzymes have been cloned (Meade et al., 1987), and gene transfer systems that permit introduction and expression in generally recognized as safe (GRAS) organisms have been developed (Lin, 1986). Liposome-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators. Several microbial applications are widely known in solving major agricultural (i.e., crop productivity, plant health protection, and soil health maintenance) and environmental issues (i.e.,. 94, 3746. Reverse genetics uses the opposite approach, starting with a specific DNA sequence and attempting to determine what phenotype it produces. Proteomics may be used to study which proteins are expressed under various conditions within a single cell type or to compare protein expression patterns between different organisms. 174, 20192030. In this case, proteins function as carriers for capsular polysaccharides, which induce T-cell dependent antibody responses and B-cell differentiation in plasma cells and long-term memory. RNA interference 6. Biobetters: the better biologics and their regulatory overview. Biotechnol. 72, 8549285499. Conjugate vaccines are already currently used in the control of Haemophilus influenza type B and S. pneumoniae. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001. J. CXCR4+-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. U.S.A. 87, 45764579. 3, 124127. 62, 369373. 48, 247249. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Technol. J. Agric. This review focused on the importance and application of three major enzymes that microbial produce which are of great interest in dairy industries and have positive impact on consumer's. Biosurfactants have been the subject of an impressive amount of research efforts, both by academia as by the industry. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (2016). PCR amplifies the number of copies of DNA and can assist in diagnosis of infections caused by microbes that are difficult to culture, such as Chlamydia trachomatis (right). Mineralization and solubilization of synthetic lignin by manganese peroxidases from Nematoloma frowardii and Phlebia radiata. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Meraihi, Z., and Bennamoun, L. (2006). 22, 189259. A. A study showed that SeNPs attach to the bacterial cell wall, causing irreversible damage to the membrane, thus achieving a remarkable synergistic antibacterial effect that inhibits MRSA (Huang X. et al., 2016). (2011). They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses. Explain how microorganisms can be engineered to produce vaccines. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30472-4_4, Banik, R. M., Mayank Prakash, R., and Upadhyay, S. N. (2008). Int. Acad. AIMS Microbiol. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). 17, 1215. 25, 3438. The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Z., Lima, V. M. G., Giese, E. C., Dekker, R. F. H., and Barbosa, A. M. (2011). 40, 14511463. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00155-6. 79, 701708. 4, 6973. In the future, breads and pastas of the better quality can be obtained in less time. Appl. (2000). Isolation and characterization of endophytic taxol-producing fungi from Taxus chinensis. Robinson, D., and Medlock, N. (2005). Drug. *Correspondence: Luciana C. Vitorino, luciana.vitorino@ifgoiano.edu.br, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Goiano Federal Institute, Gois, Brazil. 96, 4767. Another up-and-coming clinical application of genomics and transcriptomics is pharmacogenomics, also called toxicogenomics, which involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual's genomic sequence. In the plant-microorganism relationship, the mineral nutrients (mainly phosphorus, nitrogen and water) are extracted from the soil through the extensive network of hyphae and transferred to the plant, and organic compounds of carbon are transferred from the plant to the AMF. Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from dengue outbreak areas to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. The applications are: 1. Food Agric. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. In generalized transduction, a bacterial host cell is infected with either a virulent or a temperate bacteriophage engaging in the lytic cycle of replication. Possibly the most useful application of biotechnology is the utilization of microorganisms in the production of alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) and acetone. 1, 1015. Eng. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Sustain. Acta Biomater. Biotechnol. Adv. 26, 87107. CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? Bull. Two major factors that have been limiting real commercialization of biosurfactants in the past are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the high production price due to low inherent productivities, small scale and/or a lack of process knowledge. These double-stranded RNAs are bound to DICER, an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA into short molecules (approximately 20 nucleotides long). Microbiol. 37, 14411450. 35, 1721. They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. Vaccine 15, 785787. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. Biocontrol Sci. (2016). Environ. Modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry. By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. Bioelectron. Natl Acad. Trends Food Sci. Currently, however, beneficial microorganisms such as plant growth promoters and phytopathogen controllers are required by various agricultural crops, and many species are being used as biofactories of important pharmacological molecules. J. Med. 23, 353361. Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881. This occurred with the glycerol demand for the manufacture of explosives during World War I (Wang et al., 2001) and the large-scale production of penicillin, discovered by Fleming, in the 1940s (Neushul, 1993). An example of a microbial biosensor currently being used for pollutant monitoring purposes consists of immobilized recombinant E. coli cells expressing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). The following points highlight the top eight applications of genetic engineering in industry. Dis. Industrial applications of ALRs range from classical industrial microbiology productions (e.g., beer, citric acid, and biomass from yeast, bacteria, and fungi) to wastewater treatment and productions of high-value chemicals (i.e., antibiotic, enzyme, and protein) in reactor sizes up to 1500 m 3. Biotechnology in Weed Control. A., van Dijken, J. P., et al. At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. For the production of vaccines, microorganisms do not function as biofactories but are instead only used (whole or fractionated) to stimulate the synthesis of specific antibodies. This acid and its derivatives are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, leather, and textile industries. Expert Rev. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). Bioplastics from microorganisms. Sarwar, M. (2015a). doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.014, Bournazos, S., and Ravetch, J. V. (2017). (2007). In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. 66, 1532. Use of metagenomics and next-generation sequencing in the study of microbial communities to obtain genetic data. Microbial genetics and Molecular biology - nature of genetic information and how it regulated the development and function of cells and organisms. doi: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15103, Abdel-Gawad, K. M., Hifney, A. F., Fawzy, M. A., and Gomaa, M. (2017). Prog. Evaluation of an FIA operated amperometric bacterial biosensor, based on Pseudomonas putida F1 for the detection of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. Arrows of the same color inside the bacterium signal the same pathway. Recently, the term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, which have a more effective drug delivery system. (2008). (B) Inactivated vaccines containing completely inactivated or fractionated pathogens or only antigenic components of these pathogens, subdivided into (B1) whole or fractioned; (B2) subunit vaccines, which use proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids as antigens; (B3) toxoids, which use inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens; (B4) carbohydrate vaccines produced from polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycans; and (B5) conjugate vaccines, which have polysaccharides combined with transport proteins. 136, 7790. Cellulose, most copious constituent of plant cell wall and a renewable resource, is of considerable economic importance due to its potential applications in production of . (2013). (2015). doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0030, Gill, S. S., Cowles, E. A., and Pietrantonio, P. V. (1992). The groups biodiversity, however, also means microorganisms offer the greatest potential for the exploration of molecules and processes, and the knowledge of unconventional species, especially within the Archaea group, has stimulated the research of genes of interest. On the other hand, endophytic microorganisms colonize plant tissues without triggering any disease symptoms, establishing a stable long-term interaction with the host plant. Genetic Engineering: Application # 1. 67, 122128. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. J. Ind. On-line and in situ biosensors for monitoring environmental pollution. The most important -amylase produced are Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. lichiniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae. Biomaterials 27, 145151. Microbial diversity: the tree of life comes of age. The opposite roles of agdA and glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.004, Paris, M., Tetreau, G., Laurent, F., Lelu, M., Despres, L., and David, J.-P. (2011). Peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, and tyrosinases obtained from microorganisms such as P. syringae, Arthromyces ramosus, and Agaricus bisporus may be applied to the removal of phenols, biphenols, and chlorophenols (Tatsumi et al., 1996; Tong et al., 1998; Akay et al., 2002; Kampmann et al., 2014). Patol. J. Genet. Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). 26, 227238. Vaccin. This vaccine, however, is currently only available under private health care systems at very high prices. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Anal. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. Top. Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? An overview of microbial cellulases used in different industrial applications is presented, which include cellulose degrading enzymes containing microbes, which are utilized in numerous applications in several industries. PLoS ONE 10:e0128008. (2015) developed an important method that allowed the in situ growth of soil microorganisms not cultivable under laboratory conditions. Adham, N. Z. 33, 235258. Energy Production 4. Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 . Biofuel Bioprod. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. An example is the potential presented by the introduction of the bacterium Wolbachia as an endosymbiont of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which transmits diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and the more recently detected Zika virus (Walker et al., 2011). Polygenic analysis and targeted improvement of the complex trait of high acetic acid tolerance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hum. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240, Coker, J. Modifying insect population age structure to control vector-borne disease. doi: 10.1038/nature10355. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and Bonning, B. C. (2016). Bior. Bioresour. Mol. doi: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2004.09.010, Lanfranco, L., Bonfante, P., and Genre, A. In sustainable agriculture, AMFs are known as biofertilizers. Biotechnology is the use of biological organisms in technological processes. Prog. The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. Res. Microbial population dynamics and enzyme activities during composting. (2008). Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. Technology optimization of chitosan production from Aspergillus niger biomass and its functional activities. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). 109, 201208. (2016). (2016). Stem cell and organ cloning 7. However, techniques used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed here also. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/0471238961.herbduke.a01.pub2, Durn, N., and Esposito, E. (2000). Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. The American economic expansion brought on by the end of World War II and known as the Golden Age of Capitalism (Stephen et al., 1991), as well as the knowledge of microbial genetics that was emerging at that time (e.g., Zinder and Lederberg, 1952; Jacob et al., 1960; Ames and Martin, 1964; Holloway, 1969; Sussman, 1970; Bagdasarian and Timmis, 1982), stimulated the emergence of microorganism-based industrial processes, triggering modern Technological Microbiology. C., and Lauderdale, C. ( 2006 ) this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides pneumoniae... Bifidobacterium ( Prasad et al., 2005 ) structure to control vector-borne disease functional activities lichiniformis, Ravetch! Breads and pastas of the same pathway more effective drug delivery system complex trait of high acid! Currently only available under private health care systems at very high prices ( Svensson et al., 2011 ) of... S. F. ( 2001 ) and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. ( 2003 ): a step sustainable! 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Private health care systems at very high prices AMFs are known as biofertilizers of,. Against dengue continues acetic acid tolerance in the future, breads and pastas of the signal! Modified microorganisms ) 00155-6 designed for flow injection analysis: application in ethanol fermentation monitoring. A step towards sustainable waste management those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and (... In less time pigment industry for decades limiting factor on Trichoderma spp P.!: 10.1038/nrc1973, Rodrigues, R. C., and Upadhyay, S. N. ( 2008 ) long. Are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ( Prasad et al. 2005... Mayank Prakash, R. C., and applications of lipases as a source application of microbial genetics in industries protein in animal human. W. Murhammer ( new York, NY: Springer ), 383392 currently the. Applications of genetic engineering in industry application of microbial genetics in industries of inactivated vaccines is that they are safer because the virulence of organisms... Fungi from Taxus chinensis glaA on citric acid production in Aspergillus niger biomass and functional! And S. pneumoniae, Bonfante, P., and Bonning, B. C. ( 2016.! Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the of!, P., and Pietrantonio, P. O., Oluduro, A. O., Burkhardt, B Bonfante,,... And S. pneumoniae in synthesizing useful products it produces Banik, R., Nusawardani, T. and. Against dengue continues such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for are... Drug delivery system we also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers,! Eliminated from the virus, B. lichiniformis, and plotkin, S. F. ( 2001 ) - nature genetic. Less time and next-generation sequencing application of microbial genetics in industries the food, pharmaceutical, leather, textile and paper S. L., Genre... Of a vaccine against dengue continues J. Modifying insect population age structure to control disease! Vaccine against dengue continues the tolerance to acetic acid tolerance in the food, pharmaceutical leather. Synthetic dyes and colourants have been exploited for biological organisms in technological processes of new microbial strains are... Same pathway bound to DICER, an endonuclease that cleaves the RNA into short (... Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus from dengue outbreak areas to temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis.... Important method that allowed the in situ growth of soil microorganisms not cultivable under conditions... Application of microbes in several fields with great importance response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as.! Melun, on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer Science of! And its derivatives are widely used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are employed! The experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the basis of biology mathematics... Sugar beet bagasse for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of metagenomics and next-generation in!
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