The Civil War was an economic disaster for the Five Tribes. Anne Hodges Morgan and H. Wayne Morgan (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982). The nearly two million acres of land opened up to white settlement was located in Indian Territory, a large area that once encompassed much of modern-day Oklahoma. Germany's blockade of Allied ports effectively closed off valuable western European markets to American agricultural products, leading to a steep decline in crop prices. John J. Klein et al., The Oklahoma Economy (Stillwater: Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Oklahoma State University, 1963). The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition) is the preferred citation for articles:Larkin Warner, “Oklahoma Economy,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OK041. Much of the new manufacturing growth was related to the natural resource base, for example, petroleum refineries, meat-packing plants, and cotton gins. No doubt per capita incomes grew significantly during this "Golden Era.". More than two thirds of the state's nonmetropolitan counties west of Interstate 35 lost population in the 1990s, but all of the nonmetropolitan counties in the east, except one, gained population. As needed investment took place, no doubt the productivity of the state's economy was enhanced. Debates about ways to support the energy industry both in Oklahoma and across the nation have been part […] The Center for Economic & Business Development at Southwestern Oklahoma State University conducted an updated study of the manufacturing sector’s economic impact upon the State of Oklahoma using a REMI model that was developed specifically for Oklahoma and its six primary regions. Another period of expanded federal economic programs came in the 1960s. The annual per capita income is significantly below the national average, as is the median household income. And Oklahomans took advantage of the wartime boom in employment elsewhere. While local companies suffered, companies with a national base continued to do well. Emphasis on fewer government barriers to international trade, both for the nation and the rest of the world, meant increasing participation by Oklahoma in the global economy. Although the state no longer holds that distinction, the transfer payment share of personal income remains well above the national average. Copyright to all articles and other content in the online and print versions of The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History is held by the Oklahoma Historical Society (OHS). Elements of this populist philosophy remain embedded in some of the state's institutions. Is Oklahoma's Economy Still Growing? After the war ended, punitive measures against tribes that had sided with the South involved confiscation of their lands in the western half of the state. Gerald M. Lage, Ronald L. Moomaw, and Larkin Warner, A Profile of Oklahoma, Economic Development 1950–1975 (Oklahoma City: Frontiers of Science Foundation of Oklahoma, Inc., 1977). A very important but often overlooked development during the 1950s and 1960s was the widespread adoption of mechanical air conditioning. The years from 1930 to 1973 were a time of a quest for stability and diversification. Nationally, the population "escape valve" provided by the western frontier was being closed. During the 1930s the New Deal greatly expanded the federal role in infrastructure, industry, and labor markets. A new federal government policy forced the process of allotment of individual parcels to Indians determined to be on the tribal rolls. Oklahoma's economy continues to show steady growth With forty-six thousand civilian and military personnel in 2000, this sector remained a mainstay of the state's economy, generating massive inflows of federal dollars. Oklahoma: Economy. In the relatively small confines of Oklahoma City, however, a high percentage of the population could claim to be directly … We promote policies to expand ownership of assets which are critical to maintaining economic security over a lifetime, such In the eastern half, however, there was rapid economic recovery spurred by railroad construction, expansion of timber and coal mining, and immigration of a substantial number of whites. The state’s union membership rate is significantly lower than the national average; in a 2001 referendum, voters approved antiunion right-to-work legislation. Oklahoma's economic history is divided into four periods. Collections of gross revenues in Oklahoma the past 12 months total $10.4 billion, the highest level in 27 months, state Treasurer Ken Miller said Tuesday. Chief Industries of the state are manufacturing, mineral, energy exploration and production, agriculture and services. One reason is that relative to Oklahoma, Texas has had smaller job losses in manufacturing, likely because a smaller percentage of its manufacturing is oil and gas related. Certainly the great words and music had a lot to do with the success. Population growth during the 1980s was only 4.0 percent, though growth picked up to a 9.7 percent rate in the 1990s. One example of the impact of population on economic growth can be seen in Detroit, where the local infrastructure suffered dramatically as people moved away. Tax Rates for Oklahoma City - The Sales Tax Rate for Oklahoma City is 8.7%. In contrast, throughout much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries non-Indians migrating into eastern Oklahoma were largely from the South. Oklahoma has seen the job market increase by 1.8% over the last year. From 1973 to 2002 Oklahoma endured shocks from the global economy and federal retrenchment. The bombing affected economy because people where afraid to go anywhere because they didn't want to die from a bomb. No doubt many of these people anticipated the eventual availability of property rights in land. By 1960 state per capita income had risen to 85 percent of the national norm, and it appeared as though Oklahoma was on the way to achieving wage scales comparable to many other states. During the booming 1970s many people migrated into the state, and population grew 18.2 percent, rising to a little more than three million residents in 1980. The third ends in 1973 with the first of the major oil shocks. Oklahoma ranks high nationally in the value of mineral production, which includes petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids, coal, and stone. At the national level, nominal per capita personal income grew 50.7 percent during this period. Depression-era agricultural policies have remained a major source of support for Oklahoma farms. They were not discouraged by existing conditions regarding the lack of opportunity to own land, to participate in government, or to educate their children. Others, frequently full bloods, did not wish to become part of the modern sector. The contrast between methods of obtaining property rights in land in the east (Indian Territory, or I.T.) How did it effect the economy ; how did it effect the polltics; How did it effect Oklahomas cultures ; How did it effect Oklahoma's Global connections ; Video clips ; How did the Oklahoma city bombing effect there global connections? By 1960–61 Oklahoma led the nation in per capita public assistance payments. The city filed for bankruptcy in 2013 and used the freedom from debt to reinvest in the local economy. Between 1910 and 1930 the share of state employment in mining (largely oil and gas) grew from 2 percent to 5 percent as a series of oil fields were opened. The oil price shocks of 1973–86 maintained this tradition. Although agriculture remained the dominant economic activity in the state, its relative role was much diminished. One takeaway from these trends is that the policy of “right-to-work”, which Oklahoma adopted in 2001, has been an utter failure at boosting the traditionally unionized manufacturing sector. One of the worst dust storms during the Dust Bowl happened in Oklahoma, and it badly affected the economy and the environment. Oklahoma's population continued to follow trends of employment strength and weakness. Conclusions. There was the Great Depression of the 1930s, the boom times of World War II and postwar recovery, and the dramatic restructuring of the farm economy in the 1950s. The results of the strikingly different cultural characteristics of the migration flows to the eastern and western parts of the state were evident quite early. Our analysis suggests that the scale of the SARS impact on affected economies was far smaller than suggested by contemporary media reports and model estimates. From the Civil War until the initial land run in 1889, the western half of Indian Territory served as the destination for the removal of various additional tribes from the western United States. By 1989 Oklahoma’s No doubt some of this gap is due to the fact that a less than average share of the adult population in Oklahoma is in the labor force. As this occurred, the state became relatively more diversified. Thus, although in the western half of Oklahoma property rights were largely obtained through hard work involved in homesteading, in the eastern half rights were obtained through business practices that were sometimes legal and sometimes not, but that today appear unethical. indirect effect of the bust was the loss of state revenue and the increase of taxes. Oklahoma includes the following metropolitan areas for which an Economy At A Glance table is available: Fort Smith, AR-OK; Lawton, OK; Oklahoma City, OK; Tulsa, OK . This field alone produced more than 7.3 million barrels of oil over the next 40 years. By 2000 the mix of state nonfarm employment among major sectors of the economy looked similar to that of the nation as a whole, with only a slightly lower share in manufacturing (12.3 percent in Oklahoma versus 14.0 percent for the United States). Comments, Suggestions, and Corrections About the Encyclopedia Terms of Use, Oklahoma Historical Society | 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 | 405-521-2491Site Index | Contact Us | Privacy | Press Room | Website Inquiries. Economic Impact of the Oklahoma Manufacturing Sector. This exercise holds important lessons for estimating the economic impact of … Cotton, formerly the leading cash crop of Oklahoma, has been succeeded by wheat; income from livestock, however, exceeds that from crops. For financial support of its functions, Oklahoma relies basically on taxes on petroleum, natural gas, gasoline, income, and sales. The growth of military bases and defense-related industry during World War II created an important new sector in the state's economy. This edition of the Oklahoma … Estimates and models produced at the time of the outbreak suggested that SARS could have a catastrophic effect on the global economy. Amtrak provides passenger train service between Oklahoma City and points in Oklahoma and Texas. Some of this gap is ameliorated by the fact that costs of living are perhaps as much as 10 percent lower in Oklahoma than is typical of the nation. This generated a good deal of local economic instability. The economy of Oklahoma is the 29th largest in the United States. At the national and the state levels the Roaring Twenties was a period of serious recession in agriculture. Networks of pipelines move the petroleum products to refineries and markets throughout the region and elsewhere in the country. By far the most significant period of farm consolidation and out-migration from rural areas was the 1950s, during which the number of Oklahoma farms declined from 142,000 to 95,000. Total state nonfarm employment, which had risen from 852,000 in 1973 to 1,201,000 in 1981, fell to 1,108,000 in 1986. Commercially exploitable timber primarily consists of softwoods, mostly harvested in the southeast. Oklahoma City has an unemployment rate of 3.2%. Services are one of Oklahoma’s dominant economic activities, and government is the largest single employer. From its beginning, Oklahoma was relatively poor in comparison with national norms. Relatively low wage levels remained another factor. A barge system carries cargo from Tulsa to the Gulf of Mexico by way of locks and dams on the Arkansas River. Manufactured goods constitute a minor proportion of Oklahoma’s economy, as compared to the production of raw materials. Oklahoma counties that changed industries with highest Location Quotient between 2006 and 2012. Oklahoma's gross state product (GSP) is approximately $197.2 billion as of December 2018. Discovered in 1928, the giant Oklahoma City oilfield added stability to the state’s economy during the Great Depression. The income gap is also associated with the persistently low levels in much of eastern rural Oklahoma and a few counties in the southwest. The $89 million Chesapeake Arena was built with public money from a dedicated sales tax. (2012.201.B0962.0532, photo by M. Matheson, Oklahoma Publishing Company Photography Collection, OHS). During the 1990s individual incomes and population tended to grow throughout the eastern half of the state, but incomes were, for the most part, relatively stagnant in the west. In O.T. Many minerals are found in Oklahoma, including coal, but the one that gave the state its wealth is oil. Oklahoma ranks high nationally in the value of mineral production, which includes petroleum, natural gas, natural gas liquids, coal, and stone. Past Issues Subscribe . The Dust Bowl also ruined the landscape of Oklahoma … The state's per capita personal income was 65 percent of the national norm in 1929 and dropped to 54 percent in 1932. OK Policy analyzes ideas to reduce poverty and increase opportunities for individuals and families. Geographically based survey data available from BLS: Employment & Unemployment. Yes, economists tell The Oklahoman‘s Don Mecoy — … Oil and gas production historically have been the major components of Oklahoma’s economy. The very high ratio of land to labor characterizing the late 1880s was rapidly lowered. With the start of war the U.S. made "conversion" its key issue to succeed in economy, it's industry started producing armaments and other war materials rather than civilian goods, companies were convinced to convert to the armament industry. It also meant that the state's economy was now buffeted by world commodity price changes in petroleum as well as agriculture. rights were obtained through land runs and lotteries and by court order between 1889 and 1906. The expanding national economy between 1991 and 2001 was characterized by some as a "New Economy," relying on rapid productivity growth driven by computer-based technology and related improvements in communications and facilitated by growth in world trade. Biden’s climate crusade: Big on ideas, short on detail. Gross Domestic Product measures the monetary value of all the finished goods and services in a given place and time. The second extends from 1900 to the onset of the Great Depression in 1930. Although NBER dated a recession as having begun during or just after February 2020, Q1 2020 GDP shows only small declines for each region. Production agriculture is an important component of the Oklahoma economy, and a major source of rural employment. No part of this site may be construed as in the public domain. An overview of our work on economic opportunity in Oklahoma Financial security and economic opportunity should be within reach for all Oklahomans. Fluctuations in oil prices—such as those in the 1980s—have sometimes reduced the importance of oil and gas and caused widespread economic depression at various points in the state’s history, evidenced by a large number of bank failures in Oklahoma in the 1980s and early 1990s. During the nineteenth century Oklahoma was characterized by very high ratios of land to labor and capital, Assets were destroyed and agricultural activities interrupted. Slave-owning Indians brought with them an additional labor supply. Copyright to all of these materials is protected under United States and International law. Some were squatters, some were sharecroppers, some were blacks escaping the onset of Jim Crow laws in the South. From 1930 to 1960 the state's economy was unable to generate enough nonfarm jobs to offset the declines in agriculture. Oklahoma Economist . It is estimated that the state's per capita personal income was only 52 percent of the national average in 1900. After about 1910 farming and ranching were never again important sources of statewide employment and population growth. Energy losses triggered by persistently low oil prices accounted for more than a 4 percentage point reduction in Oklahoma's gross domestic product, a measure of the output of the state's goods and services, the agency said. It was a major reversal for Oklahoma's economy, which … Early habitation and European exploration. How Biden’s plan to cut carbon emissions and put people to work could impact you. Statistical Abstract of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma, Center for Economic and Management Research, n.d.). Labor effectiveness is partially determined by education or investment in human capital. Flights where cancelled to and from Oklahoma. Oklahoma has an unemployment rate of 3.4%. Although it had some positive impact, it didn't put an end to the crisis. With statehood in 1907 came a new state constitution and an institutional framework for business that reflected widespread skepticism of concentration of power, whether in big business or in government. The pattern of differential east-west economic well-being observed at the time of statehood was still maintained in 2000, but with important distinctions. The Special Economic Impact of Pandemics Expect effects to be massive in ways that differ from other disasters. Employment in the oil patch grew from around 34,000 in the early 1970s to a peak of 102,000 in 1981 and then fell back to around 40,000 in the late 1980s as Oklahoma oil prices dropped by 50 percent. Tax Rates for Oklahoma - The Sales Tax Rate for Oklahoma is 8.4%. There was a continued decline in agriculture's share of jobs, from 33 percent in 1940 to 5 percent in 1970, and manufacturing's share grew from 8 percent to 16 percent. Oklahoma (/ ˌ oʊ k l ə ˈ h oʊ m ə / ()) is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. When the political pressure finally resulted in policy, quite different processes were used to settle the eastern and western halves of the state. In July 2000 the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the Oklahoma Department of Commerce created an alliance known as the Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative. The Oklahoma City Bombing remains the worst act of domestic terrorism in United States history, with 168 killed, hundreds injured, and full media coverage. A challenge lay ahead, however, in achieving a more diversified economy. GSP Historical GSP. Douglas Hale, "The People of Oklahoma, Economics and Social Change," in Oklahoma: New Views of the Forty-Sixth State, ed. This was a period during which Oklahoma's economy began to look like that of a typical state. Except perhaps for the periods 1910–30 and 1950–73, the economic history of Oklahoma has involved a great deal of turbulence, for example, rapid settlement prior to 1910, the Great Depression, and World War II. A census of the Indian agency with jurisdiction over the Five Tribes reported an 1888 total population of 177,000, only 37 percent of whom were members of those tribes. By far the most significant contrast with the nation's industry mix was for government employment, which accounted for 19.4 percent of nonfarm jobs for Oklahoma and only 15.6 percent for the nation. Tribal governments were … This includes individual articles (copyright to OHS by author assignment) and corporately (as a complete body of work), including web design, graphics, searching functions, and listing/browsing methods. There was a ten-fold increase in the price of Oklahoma crude oil between 1972 and 1981 as the OPEC cartel drove up world oil prices. In commercial agricultural production, livestock ranks first, followed by wheat, dairy products, cotton, soybeans, and other field crops and general produce. Oklahoma’s economy is not as balanced as those of many other U.S. states. The first major commercial pulp and paper plant in the state was established in 1970, and several international manufacturers have located mills and packaging facilities in towns around the state. interactive video kiosks teaching about the history and economic impact on Oklahoma. Despite dips at various points throughout the decade, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, a composite of the prices of thirty top U.S. industrial stocks, and the figure most often quoted when evaluating stock market activity, steadily rose. Net job gains for the state total 4.7 percent since the recession began and the United States in general has seen a net job gain of 1.4 percent during the same time period. The “wildcatters” often used steam boilers to power heavy cable tools for Making Hole – Drilling Technology. Some members of those groups had adopted the dominant white culture's modern economic and political systems prior to Removal. During the nineteenth century Oklahoma was characterized by very high ratios of land to labor and capital, by almost total dominance of primary (natural resource based) production, and by unique institutional and cultural features, of which the effects of some remain important in today's economy. Larkin Warner, "An Overview of Oklahoma's Economic History," Oklahoma Business Bulletin (September and December 1995). A number of extremely uncommon events in the global oil industry as lockdown policies were being imposed exacerbated the declines in several of these areas. The per capita personal income in 2003 was $26,656. The US average is 3.7%. Its abundant resources attracted early hunting and gathering peoples known as the Clovis and Folsom cultures by about 9500 bce. Added to the coercion of removal was the fact that the Five Tribes had adopted the institution of slavery in their former southern setting. As hard as they might have tried, nobody could keep their houses clean. Users agree not to download, copy, modify, sell, lease, rent, reprint, or otherwise distribute these materials, or to link to these materials on another web site, without authorization of the Oklahoma Historical Society. Less than one-fifth of the state is forested. By the late 1880s there was great political pressure to open Oklahoma to white settlement. Migrants from the Midwest and other places obtained homesteads and town sites through clearly defined legal processes. So did Oklahoma City get its tax money’s worth? Between 1900 and 1919, for example, total personal income was estimated to have grown from $90 million to $1 billion. As the new century began, the future of Oklahoma's economy appeared increasingly tied to its competitiveness in international as well as national markets. Business and Economy of Oklahoma The Gross State Product in 2001 was $93.9 billion. Economic Significance The natural character of the lower portion of the Arkansas River was changed forever with the completion of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System (MKARNS). Oklahoma continues to muscle its way through the economic recovery period. Future job growth over the next ten years is predicted to be 28.9%, which is lower than the US average of 33.5%. Oklahoma’s transportation facilities help account for its favourable record in attracting new industry. Property taxes are used largely for the support of county, municipal, and school needs. This was the case, for example, with the United States in World War I and World War II. Despite the state’s great efforts to diversify—for example, the manufacture of transportation equipment has become important—just over one-tenth of its workers are in manufacturing, lower than the national average. See also: FARMING, GREAT DEPRESSION, MANUFACTURING, PETROLEUM INDUSTRY, TWENTIETH-CENTURY OKLAHOMA. After 2010, unemployment rates dropped evenly across the nation’s metro / micro / noncore counties; however in Oklahoma, the recovery was more pronounced in the micropolitan areas. Although the 1950s was not a period of major expansion of the federal government, the new federal-state interstate highway system, along with state turnpike development, transformed Oklahoma's transportation facilities in the 1960s and 1970s. In line with national trends, the averages are likely to remain the same, but the number of units will probably continue to decline. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Coal and gas are the two main sources of power generation; together they produce nearly all the state’s electric power. Completion of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System added transportation advantages and provided a new system of water-based recreation at Corps of Engineers built lakes. Cherokee Strip Museum and Rose Hill School, Oklahoma Territorial Museum and Carnegie Library, Oklahoma Heritage Preservation Grant Program. Much activity in the tourist sector surrounds the state’s Western heritage, Native American attractions, and outdoor activities throughout Oklahoma’s diverse terrain. Some members of those groups had adopted the dominant white culture's modern economic and political systems prior to Removal. The growth of the non-Indian population grew remarkably. Between 1900 and 1930 Oklahoma was spreading out and filling in. In Oklahoma, where agriculture was king, the results were disastrous. The initial settlement by the Five Tribes in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s in what is now Oklahoma (at that time Indian Territory) did not reflect free-market labor migration in response to income differentials. Economic analysis of Oklahoma prior to white settlement is complicated by the cultures of the Five Tribes. Expanded airline service meant quicker access to economic centers on the East and West coasts and permitted Oklahoma to take advantage of its central geographical location. The researchers into the Oklahoma City bombing’s impact theorized that while the events of 9/11 were also traumatic, their direct impact among the massive New York and Washington metropolitan region was more diluted, so a direct correlation to divorce and birth rates was hard to find. As a result of investment impulses from a prosperous national economy in the 1960s, significant federal assistance in infrastructure development, and new state/local government economic development incentives, sixty-five thousand new manufacturing jobs were added to the state's economic base between 1960 and 1973.